CI: Add a debug build to the Linux build matrix

.github/workflows/linux_build_matrix.yml

@@ -20,6 +20,18 @@ jobs:
       cmakeflags: ""
       buildAppImage: true
     secrets: inherit
+  build_linux_debug:
+    name: "Debug"
+    if: github.repository != 'PCSX2/pcsx2' || github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/linux_build_qt.yml
+    with:
+      jobName: "Debug Build"
+      artifactPrefixName: "PCSX2-linux-Qt-x64-debug"
+      compiler: clang
+      cmakeflags: ""
+      buildAppImage: true
+      cmakeBuildType: Debug
+    secrets: inherit
   build_linux_flatpak:
     name: "Flatpak"
     if: github.repository != 'PCSX2/pcsx2' || github.event_name == 'pull_request'

.github/workflows/linux_build_qt.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,10 @@ on:
         required: false
         type: boolean
         default: false
+      cmakeBuildType:
+        required: false
+        type: string
+        default: Release
 
 jobs:
   build_linux:
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
           ADDITIONAL_CMAKE_ARGS: ${{ inputs.cmakeflags }}
         run: |
           cmake -B build -G Ninja \
-            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="${{ inputs.cmakeBuildType }}" \
             -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=ON \
             -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH="$HOME/deps" \
             -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang-17 \