// Copyright (c) 2013- PPSSPP Project.

// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, version 2.0 or later versions.

// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License 2.0 for more details.

// A copy of the GPL 2.0 should have been included with the program.
// If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/

// Official git repository and contact information can be found at
// https://github.com/hrydgard/ppsspp and http://www.ppsspp.org/.

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>

#include "Common/CPUDetect.h"
#include "Common/Math/math_util.h"
#include "Common/GPU/OpenGL/GLFeatures.h"
#include "Common/Math/CrossSIMD.h"
#include "Core/Config.h"
#include "Core/System.h"
#include "GPU/GPUState.h"
#include "GPU/Math3D.h"
#include "GPU/GPUDefinitions.h"
#include "GPU/GPUStateSIMDUtil.h"
#include "GPU/Common/FramebufferManagerCommon.h"
#include "GPU/Common/GPUStateUtils.h"
#include "GPU/Common/SoftwareTransformCommon.h"
#include "GPU/Common/TransformCommon.h"
#include "GPU/Common/VertexDecoderCommon.h"
#include "GPU/Common/VertexReader.h"
#include "GPU/Common/DrawEngineCommon.h"
#include "GPU/Software/Clipper.h"

static bool ExpandRectangles(int vertexCount, int &numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, const TransformedVertex *transformed, TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded, int *drawIndexCount, bool throughmode, bool *pixelMappedExactly);
static bool ExpandLines(int vertexCount, int &numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, const TransformedVertex *transformed, TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded, int *drawIndexCount, bool throughmode);
static bool ExpandPoints(int vertexCount, int &maxIndex, int vertsSize, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, const TransformedVertex *transformed, TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded, int *drawIndexCount, bool throughmode, float pointScale);
static SoftwareTransformAction ProjectClipAndExpand(SoftwareTransformParams &params, int prim, int vertexCount, u32 vertType, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, int numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, SoftwareTransformResult *result);

// This is the software transform pipeline, which is necessary for supporting RECT
// primitives correctly without geometry shaders, and may be easier to use for
// debugging than the hardware transform pipeline.

// Additionally, it performs some culling, clipping and clamping which it can do more accurately than the normal
// hardware pipeline can.

// There's code here that simply expands transformed RECTANGLES into plain triangles, additionally LINEs and POINTs get expanded
// to produce more PSP-like behavior.

// We're gonna have to keep software transforming RECTANGLES, unless we use a geom shader which we can't on OpenGL ES 2.0.

// The verts are in the order:  BR BL TL TR
// 2   3       3   2        0   3          2   1
//        to           to            or
// 1   0       0   1        1   2          3   0

// Note: 0 is BR and 2 is TL.

// The PSP has a funky mechanism where the UV direction of screen-space rectangles is decided by the relative positioning
// of the two corners defining the rectangle.
static void RotateUV(TransformedVertex v[4]) {
	const float x1 = v[2].x;
	const float x2 = v[0].x;
	const float y1 = v[2].y;
	const float y2 = v[0].y;
	if ((x1 < x2 && y1 > y2) || (x1 > x2 && y1 < y2)) {
		float tempu = v[1].u;
		float tempv = v[1].v;
		v[1].u = v[3].u;
		v[1].v = v[3].v;
		v[3].u = tempu;
		v[3].v = tempv;
	}
}

static bool ShouldApplySpriteBorderFix(const GPUgstate &gstate) {
	return gstate.isAlphaBlendEnabled() && gstate.getBlendFuncA() != GE_SRCBLEND_FIXA && gstate.isTextureAlphaUsed();
}

// Clears on the PSP are best done by drawing a series of vertical strips
// in clear mode. This tries to detect that.
static bool IsReallyAClear(const TransformedVertex *transformed, int numVerts, float x2, float y2) {
	if (transformed[0].x < 0.0f || transformed[0].y < 0.0f || transformed[0].x > 0.5f || transformed[0].y > 0.5f)
		return false;

	const float originY = transformed[0].y;

	// Color and Z are decided by the second vertex, so only need to check those for matching color.
	const u32 matchcolor = transformed[1].color0_32;
	const float matchz = transformed[1].z;

	for (int i = 1; i < numVerts; i++) {
		if ((i & 1) == 0) {
			// Top left of a rectangle
			if (transformed[i].y != originY)
				return false;
			float gap = fabsf(transformed[i].x - transformed[i - 1].x);  // Should probably do some smarter check.
			if (i > 0 && gap > 0.0625)
				return false;
		} else {
			if (transformed[i].color0_32 != matchcolor || transformed[i].z != matchz)
				return false;
			// Bottom right
			if (transformed[i].y < y2)
				return false;
			if (transformed[i].x <= transformed[i - 1].x)
				return false;
		}
	}

	// The last vertical strip often extends outside the drawing area so we don't want an equality check.
	// But make sure it at least fully covers it.
	if (transformed[numVerts - 1].x < x2) {
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

// At the end, this calls ProjectClipAndExpand which will expand rectangles as necessary, or apply culling.
SoftwareTransformAction RunSoftwareTransform(SoftwareTransformParams &params, int prim, u32 vertType, const DecVtxFormat &decVtxFormat, int numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, int vertexCount, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, SoftwareTransformResult *result) {
	// These primitive are not handled.
	_dbg_assert_(prim != GE_PRIM_KEEP_PREVIOUS && prim != GE_PRIM_TRIANGLE_FAN && prim != GE_PRIM_TRIANGLE_STRIP && prim != GE_PRIM_LINE_STRIP);

	const bool throughmode = (vertType & GE_VTYPE_THROUGH_MASK) != 0;
	const bool lmode = gstate.isUsingSecondaryColor() && gstate.isLightingEnabled();

	TransformedVertex *transformed = params.transformed;
	VertexReader reader(params.decoded, decVtxFormat, vertType);
	if (throughmode) {
		const u32 materialAmbientRGBA = gstate.getMaterialAmbientRGBA();
		const bool hasColor = reader.hasColor0();
		const bool hasUV = reader.hasUV();

		float uscale = 1.0f;
		float vscale = 1.0f;
		if (prim != GE_PRIM_RECTANGLES) {
			// For through rectangles, we do this scaling in Expand.
			uscale /= gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
			vscale /= gstate_c.curTextureHeight;
		}

		for (int index = 0; index < numDecodedVerts; index++) {
			// Do not touch the coordinates or the colors. No lighting.
			reader.Goto(index);
			TransformedVertex &vert = transformed[index];
			reader.ReadPosThrough(vert.pos);
			vert.pos_w = 1.0f;

			if (hasColor) {
				vert.color0_32 = reader.ReadColor0_8888();
			} else {
				vert.color0_32 = materialAmbientRGBA;
			}

			if (hasUV) {
				reader.ReadUV(vert.uv);

				vert.u *= uscale;
				vert.v *= vscale;
			} else {
				vert.u = 0.0f;
				vert.v = 0.0f;
			}
			vert.uv_w = 1.0f;

			// Ignore color1 and fog, never used in throughmode anyway.
			// The w of uv is also never used (hardcoded to 1.0.)
		}

		// Here's the best opportunity to try to detect rectangles used to clear the screen, and
		// replace them with real clears. This can provide a speedup on certain mobile chips.
		//
		// An alternative option is to simply ditch all the verts except the first and last to create a single
		// rectangle out of many. Quite a small optimization though.
		// TODO: This bleeds outside the play area in non-buffered mode. Big deal? Probably not.
		// TODO: Allow creating a depth clear and a color draw.
		bool reallyAClear = false;
		if (numDecodedVerts > 1 && prim == GE_PRIM_RECTANGLES && gstate.isModeClear() && throughmode) {
			int scissorX2 = gstate.getScissorX2() + 1;
			int scissorY2 = gstate.getScissorY2() + 1;
			reallyAClear = IsReallyAClear(transformed, numDecodedVerts, scissorX2, scissorY2);

			if (reallyAClear && gstate.getColorMask() != 0xFFFFFFFF && (gstate.isClearModeColorMask() || gstate.isClearModeAlphaMask())) {
				result->setSafeSize = true;
				result->safeWidth = scissorX2;
				result->safeHeight = scissorY2;
			}
		}
		if (params.allowClear && reallyAClear && gl_extensions.gpuVendor != GPU_VENDOR_IMGTEC) {
			// If alpha is not allowed to be separate, it must match for both depth/stencil and color.  Vulkan requires this.
			bool alphaMatchesColor = gstate.isClearModeColorMask() == gstate.isClearModeAlphaMask();
			bool depthMatchesStencil = gstate.isClearModeAlphaMask() == gstate.isClearModeDepthMask();
			bool matchingComponents = params.allowSeparateAlphaClear || (alphaMatchesColor && depthMatchesStencil);
			bool stencilNotMasked = !gstate.isClearModeAlphaMask() || gstate.getStencilWriteMask() == 0x00;
			if (matchingComponents && stencilNotMasked) {
				float depth = std::clamp(transformed[1].z, 0.0f, 65535.0f) / 65535.0f;
				// Non-zero depth clears are unusual, but some drivers don't match drawn depth values to cleared values.
				// Games sometimes expect exact matches (see #12626, for example) for equal comparisons.
				if (!(params.everUsedEqualDepth && gstate.isClearModeDepthMask() && result->depth > 0.0f && result->depth < 1.0f)) {
					result->color = transformed[1].color0_32;
					result->depth = depth;
					gpuStats.perFrame.numClears++;
					return SW_CLEAR;
				}
			}
		}
	} else {
		Lighter lighter(vertType);
		float fog_end = getFloat24(gstate.fog1);
		float fog_slope = getFloat24(gstate.fog2);
		// Same fixup as in ShaderManagerGLES.cpp
		// Not really sure what a sensible value might be, but let's try 64k.
		constexpr float largeFogValue = 65535.0f;
		if (my_isnanorinf(fog_end)) {
			fog_end = std::signbit(fog_end) ? -largeFogValue : largeFogValue;
		}
		if (my_isnanorinf(fog_slope)) {
			fog_slope = std::signbit(fog_slope) ? -largeFogValue : largeFogValue;
		}

		const int texW = gstate.getTextureWidth(0);
		const int texH = gstate.getTextureHeight(0);
		const float widthFactor = (float)texW / (float)gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
		const float heightFactor = (float)texH / (float)gstate_c.curTextureHeight;

		const Vec4f materialAmbientRGBA = Vec4f::FromRGBA(gstate.getMaterialAmbientRGBA());
		// Okay, need to actually perform the full transform.
		for (int index = 0; index < numDecodedVerts; index++) {
			reader.Goto(index);

			float v[3] = {0, 0, 0};
			Vec4f c0 = Vec4f(1, 1, 1, 1);
			Vec4f c1 = Vec4f(0, 0, 0, 0);
			float uv[3] = {0, 0, 1};
			float fogCoef = 1.0f;

			float out[3];
			float pos[3];
			Vec3f normal(0, 0, 1);
			Vec3f worldnormal(0, 0, 1);
			reader.ReadPosNonThrough(pos);

			float ruv[2];
			if (reader.hasUV())
				reader.ReadUV(ruv);
			else {
				ruv[0] = 0.0f;
				ruv[1] = 0.0f;
			}

			Vec4f unlitColor;
			if (reader.hasColor0())
				reader.ReadColor0(unlitColor.AsArray());
			else
				unlitColor = materialAmbientRGBA;
			if (reader.hasNormal())
				reader.ReadNrm(normal.AsArray());

			Vec3ByMatrix43(out, pos, gstate.worldMatrix);
			if (reader.hasNormal()) {
				if (gstate.areNormalsReversed()) {
					normal = -normal;
				}
				Norm3ByMatrix43(worldnormal.AsArray(), normal.AsArray(), gstate.worldMatrix);
				worldnormal = worldnormal.NormalizedOr001(cpu_info.bSSE4_1);
			}

			// Perform lighting here if enabled.
			if (gstate.isLightingEnabled()) {
				float litColor0[4];
				float litColor1[4];
				lighter.Light(litColor0, litColor1, unlitColor.AsArray(), out, worldnormal);

				// Don't ignore gstate.lmode - we should send two colors in that case
				for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
					c0[j] = litColor0[j];
				}
				if (lmode) {
					// Separate colors
					for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
						c1[j] = litColor1[j];
					}
				} else {
					// Summed color into c0 (will clamp in ToRGBA().)
					for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
						c0[j] += litColor1[j];
					}
				}
			} else {
				for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
					c0[j] = unlitColor[j];
				}
				if (lmode) {
					// c1 is already 0.
				}
			}

			// Perform texture coordinate generation after the transform and lighting - one style of UV depends on lights.
			switch (gstate.getUVGenMode()) {
			case GE_TEXMAP_TEXTURE_COORDS:	// UV mapping
			case GE_TEXMAP_UNKNOWN: // Seen in Riviera.  Unsure of meaning, but this works.
				// We always prescale in the vertex decoder now.
				uv[0] = ruv[0];
				uv[1] = ruv[1];
				uv[2] = 1.0f;
				break;

			case GE_TEXMAP_TEXTURE_MATRIX:
				{
					// Projection mapping
					Vec3f source(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
					switch (gstate.getUVProjMode())	{
					case GE_PROJMAP_POSITION: // Use model space XYZ as source
						source = pos;
						break;

					case GE_PROJMAP_UV: // Use unscaled UV as source
						source = Vec3f(ruv[0], ruv[1], 0.0f);
						break;

					case GE_PROJMAP_NORMALIZED_NORMAL: // Use normalized normal as source
						source = normal.Normalized(cpu_info.bSSE4_1);
						break;

					case GE_PROJMAP_NORMAL: // Use non-normalized normal as source!
						source = normal;
						break;
					}

					float uvw[3];
					Vec3ByMatrix43(uvw, &source.x, gstate.tgenMatrix);
					uv[0] = uvw[0];
					uv[1] = uvw[1];
					uv[2] = uvw[2];
				}
				break;

			case GE_TEXMAP_ENVIRONMENT_MAP:
				// Shade mapping - use two light sources to generate U and V.
				{
					auto getLPosFloat = [&](int l, int i) {
						return getFloat24(gstate.lpos[l * 3 + i]);
					};
					auto getLPos = [&](int l) {
						return Vec3f(getLPosFloat(l, 0), getLPosFloat(l, 1), getLPosFloat(l, 2));
					};
					auto calcShadingLPos = [&](int l) {
						Vec3f pos = getLPos(l);
						return pos.NormalizedOr001(cpu_info.bSSE4_1);
					};

					// Might not have lighting enabled, so don't use lighter.
					Vec3f lightpos0 = calcShadingLPos(gstate.getUVLS0());
					Vec3f lightpos1 = calcShadingLPos(gstate.getUVLS1());

					uv[0] = (1.0f + Dot(lightpos0, worldnormal))/2.0f;
					uv[1] = (1.0f + Dot(lightpos1, worldnormal))/2.0f;
					uv[2] = 1.0f;
				}
				break;
			default:
				break;
			}

			uv[0] = uv[0] * widthFactor;
			uv[1] = uv[1] * heightFactor;

			// Transform the coord by the view matrix.
			Vec3ByMatrix43(v, out, gstate.viewMatrix);
			fogCoef = (v[2] + fog_end) * fog_slope;

			// Then transform by the projection.
			Vec3ByMatrix44(transformed[index].pos, v, gstate.projMatrix);

			transformed[index].fog = fogCoef;
			memcpy(&transformed[index].uv, uv, 3 * sizeof(float));
			transformed[index].color0_32 = c0.ToRGBA();
			transformed[index].color1_32 = c1.ToRGBA();

			// Projection happens later in ProjectClipAndExpand.

			// Vertex depth rounding is done in the shader if enabled, to simulate the 16-bit depth buffer.
		}
	}

	// TODO: This doesn't seem to be a very good check, but let's leave it for now.

	// Detect full screen "clears" that might not be so obvious, to set the safe size if possible.
	if (!result->setSafeSize && prim == GE_PRIM_RECTANGLES && numDecodedVerts == 2 && throughmode) {
		bool clearingColor = gstate.isModeClear() && (gstate.isClearModeColorMask() || gstate.isClearModeAlphaMask());
		bool writingColor = gstate.getColorMask() != 0xFFFFFFFF;
		bool startsZeroX = transformed[0].x <= 0.0f && transformed[1].x > 0.0f && transformed[1].x > transformed[0].x;
		bool startsZeroY = transformed[0].y <= 0.0f && transformed[1].y > 0.0f && transformed[1].y > transformed[0].y;

		if (startsZeroX && startsZeroY && (clearingColor || writingColor)) {
			int scissorX2 = gstate.getScissorX2() + 1;
			int scissorY2 = gstate.getScissorY2() + 1;
			result->setSafeSize = true;
			result->safeWidth = std::min(scissorX2, (int)transformed[1].x);
			result->safeHeight = std::min(scissorY2, (int)transformed[1].y);
		}
	}

	return ProjectClipAndExpand(params, prim, vertexCount, vertType, inds, indsSize, numDecodedVerts, vertsSize, result);
}

// Modifies the vertices in-place. Applies viewport and projection.
// TODO: SIMD.
static void ProjectVertices(const GPUgstate &gstate, TransformedVertex *transformed, int vertexCount) {
#if 0
	Lin::Vec3 vpOffset(gstate.getViewportXCenter(), gstate.getViewportYCenter(), gstate.getViewportZCenter());
	Lin::Vec3 vpScale(gstate.getViewportXScale(), gstate.getViewportYScale(), gstate.getViewportZScale());

	for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i++) {
		const float w = transformed[i].pos_w;
		const float recip = 1.0f / w;
		Lin::Vec3 xyz = vpOffset + vpScale.scaledBy(Lin::Vec3(transformed[i].x, transformed[i].y, transformed[i].z)) * recip;
		transformed[i].x = xyz.x;
		transformed[i].y = xyz.y;
		transformed[i].z = xyz.z;
	}
#else
	const Vec4F32 vpOffset = LoadViewportOffsetVec(gstate);
	const Vec4F32 vpScale = LoadViewportScaleVec(gstate);
	// CrossSIMD implementation.
	for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i++) {
		Vec4F32 xyzw = Vec4F32::Load(&transformed[i].x);
		Vec4F32 wRecip = Vec4F32::Splat(1.0f / transformed[i].pos_w);
		Vec4F32 projected = (xyzw * vpScale) * wRecip + vpOffset;
		// Now, we need to restore the W value as we'll still need it later.
		projected.WithLane3From(xyzw).Store(&transformed[i].x);
	}
#endif
}

// Helper to check if a vertex is inside the near plane (z >= -w).
// TODO: Should this somehow match the cull plane, which is at -3F8000FF (-1.0 minus an epsilon seemingly derived from a 15-bit mantissa).
inline bool IsInsideNearPlane(const TransformedVertex& v) {
	return v.z >= -v.pos_w;
}

inline bool IsInsideFarPlane(const TransformedVertex& v) {
	return v.z <= v.pos_w;
}

// TODO: Use CrossSIMD, should help.
inline void LerpTransformedVertex(TransformedVertex *dest, TransformedVertex &a, TransformedVertex &b, float t) {
	dest->x = a.x + (b.x - a.x) * t;
	dest->y = a.y + (b.y - a.y) * t;
	dest->z = a.z + (b.z - a.z) * t;
	dest->pos_w = a.pos_w + (b.pos_w - a.pos_w) * t;
	dest->u = a.u + (b.u - a.u) * t;
	dest->v = a.v + (b.v - a.v) * t;
	dest->uv_w = a.uv_w + (b.uv_w - a.uv_w) * t;
	dest->fog = a.fog + (b.fog - a.fog) * t;

	// note: colorBlend is backwards.
	dest->color0_32 = colorBlend(b.color0_32, a.color0_32, t);
	dest->color1_32 = colorBlend(b.color1_32, a.color1_32, t);
}

// Generated by Gemini, and adapted to fit.
static void ClipTrianglesAgainstNearPlane(
	TransformedVertex *transformed, int &transformedCount, int maxTransformed,
	u16 *indicesIn, int numIndicesIn,
	u16 *indicesOut, int &numIndicesOut, int maxIndicesOut, TransformStats *stats
) {
	// Process one triangle (3 indices) at a time
	for (size_t i = 0; i < numIndicesIn; i += 3) {
		const u16 idx0 = indicesIn[i];
		const u16 idx1 = indicesIn[i + 1];
		const u16 idx2 = indicesIn[i + 2];

		TransformedVertex& v0 = transformed[idx0];
		TransformedVertex& v1 = transformed[idx1];
		TransformedVertex& v2 = transformed[idx2];

		bool in0 = IsInsideNearPlane(v0);
		bool in1 = IsInsideNearPlane(v1);
		bool in2 = IsInsideNearPlane(v2);

		bool inFar0 = IsInsideFarPlane(v0);
		bool inFar1 = IsInsideFarPlane(v1);
		bool inFar2 = IsInsideFarPlane(v2);

		int insideCount = (in0 ? 1 : 0) + (in1 ? 1 : 0) + (in2 ? 1 : 0);
		int insideFarCount = (inFar0 ? 1 : 0) + (inFar1 ? 1 : 0) + (inFar2 ? 1 : 0);

		// Case 1: Entirely visible
		if (insideCount == 3) {
			indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = idx0;
			indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = idx1;
			indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = idx2;
		}
		// Case 2: Entirely clipped / behind near plane
		else if (insideCount == 0) {
			// Cull, no clipping needed.
			stats->culledTrianglesNear++;
			continue;
		}
		// Case 3: Entirely beyond far plane
		else if (insideFarCount == 0) {
			// All are beyond the far plane. Cull.
			stats->culledTrianglesFar++;
			continue;
		}
		// Case 3: Partially clipped
		else {
			stats->clippedTriangles++;

			// We need to organize vertices cleanly to calculate intersections.
			// We will create a local polygon array of the inside/outside states.
			u16 triIdx[3] = {idx0, idx1, idx2};
			bool triIn[3] = {in0, in1, in2};

			// Output generated vertex indices for this clipped polygon
			u16 polyIndices[4];
			int polyLength = 0;

			for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
				int next = j + 1;
				if (next >= 3) next = 0;

				u16 currIdx = triIdx[j];
				u16 nextIdx = triIdx[next];

				// If current vertex is inside, it stays a part of the output polygon
				if (triIn[j]) {
					polyIndices[polyLength++] = currIdx;
				}

				// If we cross the clipping plane line (inside->outside or outside->inside)
				if (triIn[j] != triIn[next]) {
					/* const */ TransformedVertex& a = transformed[currIdx];
					/* const */ TransformedVertex& b = transformed[nextIdx];

					// Find interpolation factor 't' where: z_interpolated = -w_interpolated
					// Lerp formulation:
					// z = a.z + t*(b.z - a.z)
					// w = a.w + t*(b.w - a.w)
					// Set z = -w => a.z + t*(b.z - a.z) = -(a.pos_w + t*(b.pos_w - a.pos_w))
					// Solve for t:
					float denominator = (b.z - a.z) + (b.pos_w - a.pos_w);
					float t = 0.0f;
					if (fabsf(denominator) > 0.000001f) {
						t = (-a.z - a.pos_w) / denominator;
					}
					// Clamp safely due to float precision
					if (t < 0.0f) t = 0.0f;
					if (t > 1.0f) t = 1.0f;

					// Generate new vertex at the intersection point
					TransformedVertex newVertex;
					LerpTransformedVertex(&newVertex, const_cast<TransformedVertex&>(a), const_cast<TransformedVertex&>(b), t);

					// Force exact intersection to eliminate precision creeping down the pipeline
					newVertex.z = -newVertex.pos_w;

					// These can be used for debugging.
					// newVertex.color0_32 = 0xFFFF00FF;
					// a.color0_32 = 0xFFFF00FF;
					// b.color0_32 = 0xFFFF00FF;

					// Append to global vertex buffer
					transformed[transformedCount++] = newVertex;
					u16 newIdx = static_cast<u16>(transformedCount - 1);
					polyIndices[polyLength++] = newIdx;
				}
			}

			// Triangulate the resulting polygon array (will be either 3 or 4 vertices)
			if (polyLength == 3) {
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[0];
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[1];
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[2];
			} else if (polyLength == 4) {
				// Triangle 1
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[0];
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[1];
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[2];
				// Triangle 2
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[0];
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[2];
				indicesOut[numIndicesOut++] = polyIndices[3];
			}
		}
	}

	gpuStats.perFrame.numSoftClippedTriangles++;
}

// Note: This modifies the U/V coordinates of transformed.
static void ApplySpriteBorderFixTriangles(TransformedVertex *transformed, const u16 *quad, float uScale, float vScale, float spriteBorderFix) {
	// We have two triangles, but the vertex order can really be anything. We just need to find the shared edge, and then check the opposite vertices.

	// sharedA and sharedB are indices into transformed, picked from the quad array.
	// We find shared indices between the two triangles through a double loop.
	int sharedA = -1;
	int sharedB = -1;
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
		for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
			if (quad[i] == quad[3 + j]) {
				if (sharedA == -1) {
					sharedA = quad[i];
				} else if (quad[i] != sharedA) {
					sharedB = quad[i];
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if (sharedA == -1 || sharedB == -1) {
		// For this detection method, we require two vertices to be shared between the two triangles.
		// We'll miss sprites made from pure triangle lists, but let's look into that later.
		return;
	}

	// Now, search for the two other corners.
	int cornerA = -1;
	int cornerB = -1;
	for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
		if (quad[i] != sharedA && quad[i] != sharedB) {
			if (cornerA == -1) {
				cornerA = quad[i];
			} else {
				cornerB = quad[i];
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	if (cornerA == cornerB) {
		_dbg_assert_(false);
		// This should never happen, but just in case.
		return;
	}
	_dbg_assert_(cornerA != -1 && cornerB != -1 && sharedA != sharedB && sharedA != cornerA && sharedA != cornerB && sharedB != cornerA && sharedB != cornerB);

	//  SharedA ---------------- CornerA
	//      |   \                   |
	//      |       \               |
	//      |           \           |
	//      |               \       |
	//      |                   \   |
	//  CornerB ---------------- SharedB

	// The border fix will be to slightly move the UVs inward (and XY by a corresponding amount), so that on upscaled resolutions we can avoid unexpected filtering artifacts. They will
	// be moved inward by `spriteBorderFix` texels.
	// Now, how can we make that general... Probably should figure out a UV gradient.

	TransformedVertex &vSharedA = transformed[sharedA];
	TransformedVertex &vCornerA = transformed[cornerA];
	TransformedVertex &vSharedB = transformed[sharedB];
	TransformedVertex &vCornerB = transformed[cornerB];

	bool validSprite = false;

	// Now there's two possible orientations for the X/Y coordinates. Either the second corners shares the Y axis with the opposite vertices, or the X axis.
	if (vSharedA.y == vCornerA.y && vSharedB.y == vCornerB.y) {
		// Shared Y axis. Check that the X axis is correct.
		if (vSharedA.x == vCornerB.x && vSharedB.x == vCornerA.x) {
			validSprite = vSharedA.u == vCornerB.u && vSharedB.u == vCornerA.u &&
				vSharedA.v == vCornerA.v && vSharedB.v == vCornerB.v;
		}
	} else if (vSharedA.x == vCornerA.x && vSharedB.x == vCornerB.x) {
		// Shared X axis. Check that the Y axis is correct.
		if (vSharedB.y == vCornerA.y && vSharedA.y == vCornerB.y) {
			// validSprite = vSharedA.u == vCornerA.u && vSharedA.v == vCornerA.v &&
			// 	vSharedB.u == vCornerB.u && vSharedB.v == vCornerB.v;
		}
	}

	const float invUScale = 1.0f / uScale;
	const float invVScale = 1.0f / vScale;
	if (validSprite) {
		// We have a valid sprite! Apply the border fix if needed.
		if (spriteBorderFix != 0.0f) {
			const bool topleft = spriteBorderFix < 0.0f;
			spriteBorderFix = fabsf(spriteBorderFix);

			//spriteBorderFix *= 10.0f;
			const float uBorderFix = spriteBorderFix * invUScale;
			const float vBorderFix = spriteBorderFix * invVScale;
			// Move the UVs inward by the border fix. We can just move them both in the same direction, since that will still keep them pixel aligned.
			// Wait, this doesn't work. What if the corners are flipped? We need to figure out the direction of the gradient, and then apply the border fix in the correct direction.
			const float dx = (vSharedB.x - vSharedA.x);
			const float dy = (vSharedB.y - vSharedA.y);
			// Avoid messing with full screen sprites.
			const float du = (vSharedB.u - vSharedA.u);
			const float dv = (vSharedB.v - vSharedA.v);
			if (du != 0.0f && fabsf(dx) != 480.0f) {
				const float uSign = (du > 0.0f ? 1.0f : -1.0f);
				const float uAmount = uBorderFix * uSign;
				if (topleft) {
					vSharedA.u += uAmount;
					vCornerB.u += uAmount;
				}
				vCornerA.u -= uAmount;
				vSharedB.u -= uAmount;
			}
			if (dv != 0.0f && fabsf(dy) != 272.0f) {
				const float vSign = (dv > 0.0f ? 1.0f : -1.0f);
				const float vAmount = vBorderFix * vSign;
				if (topleft) {
					vSharedA.v += vAmount;
					vCornerA.v += vAmount;
				}
				vCornerB.v -= vAmount;
				vSharedB.v -= vAmount;
			}
		}
	}
}

static SoftwareTransformAction ProjectClipAndExpand(SoftwareTransformParams &params, int prim, int vertexCount, u32 vertType, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, int numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, SoftwareTransformResult *result) {
	TransformedVertex *transformed = params.transformed;
	TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded = params.transformedExpanded;
	bool throughmode = (vertType & GE_VTYPE_THROUGH_MASK) != 0;

	// Step 2: expand and process primitives.
	int drawIndexCount = 0;

	// NOTE: ExpandRectanges/lines/etc should do clipping while they're at it.
	if (prim == GE_PRIM_RECTANGLES) {
		// TODO: We should cull rectangles outzide -W<Z<W here if *both* points are outside in the same direction,
		// like we do with triangles.

		if (!throughmode) {
			ProjectVertices(gstate, transformed, numDecodedVerts);
		}

		if (!ExpandRectangles(vertexCount, numDecodedVerts, vertsSize, inds, indsSize, transformed, transformedExpanded, &drawIndexCount, throughmode, &result->pixelMapped)) {
			result->drawVertexCount = 0;
			result->drawIndexCount = 0;
			result->pixelMapped = false;
			result->drawBuffer = nullptr;
			return SW_CULLED;
		}
		result->drawBuffer = transformedExpanded;

		// We don't know the color until here, so we have to do it now, instead of in StateMapping.
		// Might want to reconsider the order of things later...
		if (gstate.isModeClear() && gstate.isClearModeAlphaMask()) {
			result->setStencil = true;
			if (vertexCount > 1) {
				// Take the bottom right alpha value of the first rect as the stencil value.
				// Technically, each rect could individually fill its stencil, but most of the
				// time they use the same one.
				result->stencilValue = (u8)(transformed[inds[1]].color0_32 >> 24);
			} else {
				result->stencilValue = 0;
			}
		}
	} else if (prim == GE_PRIM_POINTS) {
		// TODO: We should cull points here if they are outside -W<Z<W.

		if (!throughmode) {
			ProjectVertices(gstate, transformed, numDecodedVerts);
		}

		result->pixelMapped = false;
		if (!ExpandPoints(vertexCount, numDecodedVerts, vertsSize, inds, indsSize, transformed, transformedExpanded, &drawIndexCount, throughmode, params.pointScale)) {
			result->drawVertexCount = 0;
			result->drawIndexCount = 0;
			result->drawBuffer = nullptr;
			return SW_CULLED;
		}
		result->drawBuffer = transformedExpanded;
	} else if (prim == GE_PRIM_LINES) {
		// TODO: We should cull rectangles outzide -W<Z<W here if *both* points are outside in the same direction,
		// like we do with triangles.

		if (!throughmode) {
			ProjectVertices(gstate, transformed, numDecodedVerts);
		}

		result->pixelMapped = false;
		if (!ExpandLines(vertexCount, numDecodedVerts, vertsSize, inds, indsSize, transformed, transformedExpanded, &drawIndexCount, throughmode)) {
			result->drawVertexCount = 0;
			result->drawIndexCount = 0;
			result->drawBuffer = nullptr;
			return SW_CULLED;
		}
		result->drawBuffer = transformedExpanded;
	} else if (prim == GE_PRIM_TRIANGLES) {
		// Triangles. We can simply draw the unexpanded buffer, although we do also take the opportunity to perform culling.
		result->drawBuffer = transformed;
		// We might actually write more vertics at the end of transformed.

		drawIndexCount = vertexCount;

		result->pixelMapped = false;

		// Let's go look for pixel mapping.
		const bool flat = ((u32)params.clipInfoFlags & ((u32)(ClipInfoFlags::Valid | ClipInfoFlags::FlatZ))) == (u32)(ClipInfoFlags::Valid | ClipInfoFlags::FlatZ);
		const bool lookForPixelMapping = flat && gstate.isMagnifyFilteringEnabled() && g_Config.bSmart2DTexFiltering;

		// TODO: We should probably take uv scale into account?
		const float uScale = gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
		const float vScale = gstate_c.curTextureHeight;
		bool pixelMapped = true;
		if (lookForPixelMapping && !gstate_c.textureIsVideo) {
			// We check some common cases for pixel mapping.
			//
			// It's enough to check UV deltas vs pos deltas between vertex pairs:
			// 0-1 1-3 3-2 2-0. Maybe can even skip the last one. Probably some simple math can get us that sequence.
			// Unfortunately we need to reverse the previous UV scaling operation. Fortunately these are powers of two
			// so the operations are exact.
			//
			// Additionally, we check for sprite lists. These are used for example in GTA.
			const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
			for (int t = 0; t < vertexCount; t += 3) {
				struct { int a; int b; } pairs[] = {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 0}};
				for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(pairs); i++) {
					const int a = indsIn[t + pairs[i].a];
					const int b = indsIn[t + pairs[i].b];
					const float du = fabsf((transformed[a].u - transformed[b].u) * uScale);
					const float dv = fabsf((transformed[a].v - transformed[b].v) * vScale);
					const float dx = fabsf(transformed[a].x - transformed[b].x);
					const float dy = fabsf(transformed[a].y - transformed[b].y);
					if (du != dx || dv != dy) {
						pixelMapped = false;
					}
				}
				if (!pixelMapped) {
					// Early out. Later add an early out for sprite border fix too.
					break;
				}
			}
			result->pixelMapped = pixelMapped;
		}

		// Apply the sprite border fix, but only if pixel mapping was not detected!
		if (flat) {
			const float spriteBorderFix = ShouldApplySpriteBorderFix(gstate) ? PSP_CoreParameter().compat.flags().SpriteBorderFix : 0.0f;  // if != 0.0, apply border fix.
			if (spriteBorderFix != 0.0f) {
				// This assumes that we have a list of two-triangle sprites. If not the position checks will fail anyway.
				const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
				for (int t = 0; t < vertexCount - 5; t += 6) {
					// The previous triangle started three vertices ago. Now, let's do some disgustingly hacky checks,
					// to identify the type of sprite (if any) and move the UV coordinates inwards a bit.
					const u16 *quad = indsIn + t;
					ApplySpriteBorderFixTriangles(transformed, quad, uScale, vScale, spriteBorderFix);
				}
			}
		}

		if (!throughmode) {
			// Culling and clipping needs to be done here, it doesn't happen in the shader in the case of software transform.
			// However, fast culling should already have taken care of the Z<-W and Z>W culling, but we check for it on a per-triangle
			// basis here anyway.
			const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
			u16 *origInds = inds;

			// TODO: We should either merge the two loops, or avoid the second loop if no culling is needed.

			// Now, for each triangle, throw away the indices if:
			//  - Depth clip/clamp on, and ALL verts are outside *in the same direction*.
			//  - Depth clip/clamp off, and ANY vert is outside.

			u16 *newInds = inds + vertexCount;
			u16 *indsOut = newInds;

			if (gstate.isDepthClipEnabled()) {
				const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
				int newIndexCount = 0;
				ClipTrianglesAgainstNearPlane(transformed, numDecodedVerts, 65536, inds, vertexCount, indsOut, newIndexCount, 65336, &result->stats);
				drawIndexCount = newIndexCount;
			} else {
				std::vector<int> outsideZ;
				outsideZ.resize(vertexCount);

				// First, check inside/outside directions for each index.
				// We are still in clip space here, so we can cull aggressively in Z.
				// TODO: This is so cheap now that we can probably avoid the buffer and just do the work below.
				// See the comment in VertexShader for the epsilons

				for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i) {
					float z = transformed[indsIn[i]].z;
					float w = transformed[indsIn[i]].pos_w;
					const float delta = 0.0000304f / w;
					if (z > w + delta) {
						outsideZ[i] = 1;
					} else if (z < -(w + delta)) {
						outsideZ[i] = -1;
					} else {
						outsideZ[i] = 0;
					}
				}

				drawIndexCount = 0;
				for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount - 2; i += 3) {
					if (outsideZ[i + 0] != 0 || outsideZ[i + 1] != 0 || outsideZ[i + 2] != 0) {
						// Even one outside, and we cull.
						continue;
					}

					memcpy(indsOut, indsIn + i, 3 * sizeof(uint16_t));
					indsOut += 3;
					drawIndexCount += 3;
				}
			}

			inds = newInds;

			// Now that we're done culling and generating clipped vertices if needed (not yet implemented), we go ahead and project.
			ProjectVertices(gstate, transformed, numDecodedVerts);

#if 0
			// NOTE! This code is effectively obsolete now that we have implemented depth clamp in the fragment shader,
			// However, this can be an alternate partial solution for low-performance hardware in the future.

			// Alright! Now, we can approximate Z-clamping, if the hardware lacks support for doing it for us.
			// Now, this can only be done exactly if all vertices in a triangle are beyond the far plane.
			// If not we technically need to cut it in two parts to clamp accurately.

			// However, in most cases that matter (such as missing skies, etc), this is fine.
			// We could be aggressive and clamp every individual vertex, but this takes the safer (but not 100% safe) route and only clamps vertices
			// that are part of a triangle where all three are beyond the same plane.

			const int maxZInt = gstate.getDepthRangeMax();
			// float maxZ = maxZInt / 65535.0f;
			const int minZInt = gstate.getDepthRangeMin();
			// float minZ = minZInt / 65535.0f;
			// We only need to clamp if minZ and maxZ aren't at the extreme in each direction, as otherwise
			// minZ and maxZ will cut things off.

			if (gstate.isDepthClipEnabled() && (minZInt == 0 || maxZInt == 65535)) {
				for (int i = 0; i < drawIndexCount - 2; i += 3) {
					TransformedVertex &v0 = transformed[newInds[i]];
					TransformedVertex &v1 = transformed[newInds[i + 1]];
					TransformedVertex &v2 = transformed[newInds[i + 2]];
					if (v0.x < 0.0f || v0.x > 4096.0f ||
						v1.x < 0.0f || v1.y > 4096.0f ||
						v2.x < 0.0f || v2.y > 4096.0f) {
						// If it's outside the viewport, we might as well skip the clamping, as it won't be visible anyway.
						// continue;
					}

					if (minZInt == 0) {
						bool v0InFront = v0.z < 0.0f;
						bool v1InFront = v1.z < 0.0f;
						bool v2InFront = v2.z < 0.0f;
						if (v0InFront && v1InFront && v2InFront) {
							v0.z = 0.0f;
							v1.z = 0.0f;
							v2.z = 0.0f;
						}
					}

					if (maxZInt == 65535) {
						bool v0Beyond = v0.z >= 65535.0f;
						bool v1Beyond = v1.z >= 65535.0f;
						bool v2Beyond = v2.z >= 65535.0f;

						if (v0Beyond && v1Beyond && v2Beyond) {
							v0.z = 65535.0f;
							v1.z = 65535.0f;
							v2.z = 65535.0f;
						}
					}
				}
			}
#endif
		}
	} else {
		_dbg_assert_(false);
	}

	if (gstate.isModeClear()) {
		gpuStats.perFrame.numClears++;
	}

	result->drawIndexCount = drawIndexCount;
	result->drawVertexCount = numDecodedVerts;
	return SW_DRAW_INDEXED;
}

static bool ExpandRectangles(int vertexCount, int &numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, const TransformedVertex *transformed, TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded, int *drawIndexCount, bool throughmode, bool *pixelMappedExactly) {
	// Before we start, do a sanity check - does the output fit?
	if ((vertexCount / 2) * 6 > indsSize) {
		// Won't fit, kill the draw.
		return false;
	}
	if ((vertexCount / 2) * 4 > vertsSize) {
		// Won't fit, kill the draw.
		return false;
	}

	// Rectangles always need 2 vertices, disregard the last one if there's an odd number.

	vertexCount = vertexCount & ~1;
	TransformedVertex *trans = &transformedExpanded[0];

	const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
	u16 *newInds = inds + vertexCount;
	u16 *indsOut = newInds;

	numDecodedVerts = 4 * (vertexCount / 2);

	float uScale = 1.0f;
	float vScale = 1.0f;
	if (throughmode) {
		uScale /= gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
		vScale /= gstate_c.curTextureHeight;
	}

	bool pixelMapped = g_Config.bSmart2DTexFiltering && !gstate_c.textureIsVideo;
	if (pixelMapped) {
		// Check for pixel mapping. If we find pixel mapping, abandon spriteBorderFix.
		for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i += 2) {
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxTL = transformed[indsIn[i + 0]];
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxBR = transformed[indsIn[i + 1]];

			if (pixelMapped) {
				float dx = transVtxBR.x - transVtxTL.x;
				float dy = transVtxBR.y - transVtxTL.y;
				float du = transVtxBR.u - transVtxTL.u;
				float dv = transVtxBR.v - transVtxTL.v;

				// NOTE: We will accept it as pixel mapped if only one dimension is stretched. This fixes dialog frames in FFI.
				// Though, there could be false positives in other games due to this. Let's see if it is a problem...
				if (dx <= 0 || dy <= 0 || (dx != du && dy != dv)) {
					pixelMapped = false;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	float spriteBorderFixL = 0.0f;
	float spriteBorderFixR = 0.0f;
	float spriteBorderFixT = 0.0f;
	float spriteBorderFixB = 0.0f;
	const float spriteBorderFix = PSP_CoreParameter().compat.flags().SpriteBorderFix;
	if (pixelMapped || (spriteBorderFix && !ShouldApplySpriteBorderFix(gstate))) {
		// Don't apply spriteBorderFix if pixel mapped. 
	} else {
		if (spriteBorderFix < 0.0f) {
			spriteBorderFixL = (-spriteBorderFix / uScale) / gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
			spriteBorderFixT = (-spriteBorderFix / vScale) / gstate_c.curTextureHeight;
			spriteBorderFixR = (-spriteBorderFix / uScale) / gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
			spriteBorderFixB = (-spriteBorderFix / vScale) / gstate_c.curTextureHeight;
		} else if (spriteBorderFix > 0.0f) {
			spriteBorderFixL = 0.0f;
			spriteBorderFixR = (spriteBorderFix / uScale) / gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
			spriteBorderFixT = 0.0f;
			spriteBorderFixB = (spriteBorderFix / vScale) / gstate_c.curTextureHeight;
		}
	}


	for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i += 2) {
		const TransformedVertex &transVtxTL = transformed[indsIn[i + 0]];
		const TransformedVertex &transVtxBR = transformed[indsIn[i + 1]];

		float z = transVtxBR.z;
		// Apply Z clamping. It appears clipping/culling does not affect rectangles, see #12058.
		// TODO: We might want to make this 65536.999. Since those will pass, and if a game mixes through and non-through...
		if (z > 65535.0f) {
			z = 65535.0f;
		} else if (z < 0.0f) {
			z = 0.0f;
		}

		// We have to turn the rectangle into two triangles, so 6 points.
		// This is 4 verts + 6 indices.

		// bottom right
		trans[0] = transVtxBR;
		trans[0].u = (transVtxBR.u - spriteBorderFixR) * uScale;
		trans[0].v = (transVtxBR.v - spriteBorderFixB) * vScale;
		trans[0].z = z;

		// top right
		trans[1] = transVtxBR;
		trans[1].y = transVtxTL.y;
		trans[1].u = (transVtxBR.u - spriteBorderFixR) * uScale;
		trans[1].v = (transVtxTL.v + spriteBorderFixT) * vScale;
		trans[1].z = z;

		// top left
		trans[2] = transVtxBR;
		trans[2].x = transVtxTL.x;
		trans[2].y = transVtxTL.y;
		trans[2].u = (transVtxTL.u + spriteBorderFixL) * uScale;
		trans[2].v = (transVtxTL.v + spriteBorderFixT) * vScale;
		trans[2].z = z;

		// bottom left
		trans[3] = transVtxBR;
		trans[3].x = transVtxTL.x;
		trans[3].u = (transVtxTL.u + spriteBorderFixL) * uScale;
		trans[3].v = (transVtxBR.v - spriteBorderFixB) * vScale;
		trans[3].z = z;

		// That's the four corners. Now process UV rotation.
		// TODO: Should we apply the sprite border fix before or after rotation? Likely after, right?
		RotateUV(trans);

		// Triangle: BR-TR-TL
		indsOut[0] = i * 2 + 0;
		indsOut[1] = i * 2 + 1;
		indsOut[2] = i * 2 + 2;
		// Triangle: BL-BR-TL
		indsOut[3] = i * 2 + 3;
		indsOut[4] = i * 2 + 0;
		indsOut[5] = i * 2 + 2;

		trans += 4;
		indsOut += 6;
	}
	inds = newInds;
	*pixelMappedExactly = pixelMapped;
	*drawIndexCount = indsOut - newInds;
	return true;
}

// In-place. So, better not be doing this on GPU memory!
void IndexBufferProvokingLastToFirst(int prim, u16 *inds, int indsSize) {
	switch (prim) {
	case GE_PRIM_LINES:
		// Swap every two indices.
		for (int i = 0; i < indsSize - 1; i += 2) {
			u16 temp = inds[i];
			inds[i] = inds[i + 1];
			inds[i + 1] = temp;
		}
		break;
	case GE_PRIM_TRIANGLES:
		// Rotate the triangle so the last becomes the first, without changing the winding order.
		// This could be done with a series of pshufb, although with some "interesting"
		// boundary conditions since 16 is not divisible by 3.
		for (int i = 0; i < indsSize - 2; i += 3) {
			u16 temp = inds[i + 2];
			inds[i + 2] = inds[i + 1];
			inds[i + 1] = inds[i];
			inds[i] = temp;
		}
		break;
	case GE_PRIM_POINTS:
		// Nothing to do,
		break;
	case GE_PRIM_RECTANGLES:
		// Nothing to do, already using the 2nd vertex.
		break;
	default:
		_dbg_assert_msg_(false, "IndexBufferProvokingFirstToLast: Only works with plain indexed primitives, no strips or fans")
	}
}

static bool ExpandLines(int vertexCount, int &numDecodedVerts, int vertsSize, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, const TransformedVertex *transformed, TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded, int *drawIndexCount, bool throughmode) {
	// Before we start, do a sanity check - does the output fit?
	if ((vertexCount / 2) * 6 > indsSize) {
		// Won't fit, kill the draw.
		return false;
	}
	if ((vertexCount / 2) * 4 > vertsSize) {
		return false;
	}

	// Lines always need 2 vertices, disregard the last one if there's an odd number.
	vertexCount = vertexCount & ~1;
	TransformedVertex *trans = &transformedExpanded[0];

	const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
	u16 *newInds = inds + vertexCount;
	u16 *indsOut = newInds;

	float dx = 1.0f;
	float dy = 1.0f;
	float du = 1.0f;
	float dv = 1.0f;

	if (throughmode) {
		dx = 1.0f;
		dy = 1.0f;
	}

	numDecodedVerts = 4 * (vertexCount / 2);

	if (PSP_CoreParameter().compat.flags().CenteredLines) {
		// Lines meant to be pretty in 3D like in Echochrome.

		// We expand them in both directions for symmetry, so we need to halve the expansion.
		dx *= 0.5f;
		dy *= 0.5f;

		for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i += 2) {
			const TransformedVertex &transVtx1 = transformed[indsIn[i + 0]];
			const TransformedVertex &transVtx2 = transformed[indsIn[i + 1]];

			// Okay, let's calculate the perpendicular.
			float horizontal = transVtx2.x - transVtx1.x;
			float vertical = transVtx2.y - transVtx1.y;

			Vec2f addWidth = Vec2f(-vertical, horizontal).Normalized();

			float xoff = addWidth.x * dx;
			float yoff = addWidth.y * dy;

			// bottom right
			trans[0].CopyFromWithOffset(transVtx2, xoff, yoff);
			// top right
			trans[1].CopyFromWithOffset(transVtx1, xoff, yoff);
			// top left
			trans[2].CopyFromWithOffset(transVtx1, -xoff, -yoff);
			// bottom left
			trans[3].CopyFromWithOffset(transVtx2, -xoff, -yoff);

			// Triangle: BR-TR-TL
			indsOut[0] = i * 2 + 0;
			indsOut[1] = i * 2 + 1;
			indsOut[2] = i * 2 + 2;
			// Triangle: BL-BR-TL
			indsOut[3] = i * 2 + 3;
			indsOut[4] = i * 2 + 0;
			indsOut[5] = i * 2 + 2;
			trans += 4;
			indsOut += 6;

			*drawIndexCount += 6;
		}
	} else {
		// Lines meant to be as closely compatible with upscaled 2D drawing as possible.
		// We use this as default.

		for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i += 2) {
			const TransformedVertex &transVtx1 = transformed[indsIn[i + 0]];
			const TransformedVertex &transVtx2 = transformed[indsIn[i + 1]];

			const TransformedVertex &transVtxT = transVtx1.y <= transVtx2.y ? transVtx1 : transVtx2;
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxB = transVtx1.y <= transVtx2.y ? transVtx2 : transVtx1;
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxL = transVtx1.x <= transVtx2.x ? transVtx1 : transVtx2;
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxR = transVtx1.x <= transVtx2.x ? transVtx2 : transVtx1;

			// Sort the points so our perpendicular will bias the right direction.
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxTL = (transVtxT.y != transVtxB.y || transVtxT.x > transVtxB.x) ? transVtxT : transVtxB;
			const TransformedVertex &transVtxBL = (transVtxT.y != transVtxB.y || transVtxT.x > transVtxB.x) ? transVtxB : transVtxT;

			// Okay, let's calculate the perpendicular.
			float horizontal = transVtxTL.x - transVtxBL.x;
			float vertical = transVtxTL.y - transVtxBL.y;
			Vec2f addWidth = Vec2f(-vertical, horizontal).Normalized();

			// bottom right
			trans[0] = transVtxBL;
			trans[0].x += addWidth.x * dx;
			trans[0].y += addWidth.y * dy;
			trans[0].u += addWidth.x * du * trans[0].uv_w;
			trans[0].v += addWidth.y * dv * trans[0].uv_w;

			// top right
			trans[1] = transVtxTL;
			trans[1].x += addWidth.x * dx;
			trans[1].y += addWidth.y * dy;
			trans[1].u += addWidth.x * du * trans[1].uv_w;
			trans[1].v += addWidth.y * dv * trans[1].uv_w;

			// top left
			trans[2] = transVtxTL;

			// bottom left
			trans[3] = transVtxBL;

			// Triangle: BR-TR-TL
			indsOut[0] = i * 2 + 0;
			indsOut[1] = i * 2 + 1;
			indsOut[2] = i * 2 + 2;
			// Triangle: BL-BR-TL
			indsOut[3] = i * 2 + 3;
			indsOut[4] = i * 2 + 0;
			indsOut[5] = i * 2 + 2;
			trans += 4;
			indsOut += 6;

		}
	}

	*drawIndexCount = indsOut - newInds;
	inds = newInds;
	return true;
}

static bool ExpandPoints(int vertexCount, int &maxIndex, int vertsSize, u16 *&inds, int indsSize, const TransformedVertex *transformed, TransformedVertex *transformedExpanded, int *drawIndexCount, bool throughmode, float pointScale) {
	// Before we start, do a sanity check - does the output fit?
	if (vertexCount * 6 > indsSize) {
		// Won't fit, kill the draw.
		return false;
	}
	if (vertexCount * 4 > vertsSize) {
		// Won't fit, kill the draw.
		return false;
	}

	TransformedVertex *trans = &transformedExpanded[0];

	const u16 *indsIn = (const u16 *)inds;
	u16 *newInds = inds + vertexCount;
	u16 *indsOut = newInds;

	const float offset = pointScale != 1.0f ? -pointScale * 0.5f : 0.0f;

	const float dx = 1.0f * pointScale;
	const float dy = 1.0f * pointScale;

	const float du = 1.0f / gstate_c.curTextureWidth;
	const float dv = 1.0f / gstate_c.curTextureHeight;

	maxIndex = 4 * vertexCount;
	for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; ++i) {
		TransformedVertex transVtxTL = transformed[indsIn[i]];
		// Centering, if the logic below enables it.
		transVtxTL.x += offset;
		transVtxTL.y += offset;

		// Create the bottom right corner.
		TransformedVertex transVtxBR = transVtxTL;
		transVtxBR.x += dx;
		transVtxBR.y += dy;
		transVtxBR.u += du * transVtxTL.uv_w;
		transVtxBR.v += dv * transVtxTL.uv_w;

		// We have to turn the rectangle into two triangles, so 6 points.
		// This is 4 verts + 6 indices.

		// bottom right
		trans[0] = transVtxBR;

		// top right
		trans[1] = transVtxBR;
		trans[1].y = transVtxTL.y;
		trans[1].v = transVtxTL.v;

		// top left
		trans[2] = transVtxBR;
		trans[2].x = transVtxTL.x;
		trans[2].y = transVtxTL.y;
		trans[2].u = transVtxTL.u;
		trans[2].v = transVtxTL.v;

		// bottom left
		trans[3] = transVtxBR;
		trans[3].x = transVtxTL.x;
		trans[3].u = transVtxTL.u;

		// Triangle: BR-TR-TL
		indsOut[0] = i * 4 + 0;
		indsOut[1] = i * 4 + 1;
		indsOut[2] = i * 4 + 2;
		// Triangle: BL-BR-TL
		indsOut[3] = i * 4 + 3;
		indsOut[4] = i * 4 + 0;
		indsOut[5] = i * 4 + 2;

		trans += 4;
		indsOut += 6;
	}
	inds = newInds;
	*drawIndexCount = indsOut - newInds;
	return true;
}

// This normalizes a set of vertices in any format to SimpleVertex format, by processing away morphing AND skinning.
// The rest of the transform pipeline like lighting will go as normal, either hardware or software.
// The implementation is initially a bit inefficient but shouldn't be a big deal.
// An intermediate buffer of not-easy-to-predict size is stored at bufPtr.
u32 NormalizeVertices(SimpleVertex *sverts, u8 *bufPtr, const u8 *inPtr, int lowerBound, int upperBound, const VertexDecoder *dec, u32 vertType) {
	// First, decode the vertices into a GPU compatible format. This step can be eliminated but will need a separate
	// implementation of the vertex decoder.
	// Actually if software transform is off, we could enforce it in the vertex decoder lookup before calling this,
	// avoiding having to implement it again below.
	const int count = upperBound + 1 - lowerBound;
	dec->DecodeVerts(bufPtr, inPtr + lowerBound * dec->VertexSize(), &gstate_c.uv, count);

	// OK, morphing eliminated but bones still remain to be taken care of.
	// Let's do a partial software transform where we only do skinning.

	VertexReader reader(bufPtr, dec->GetDecVtxFmt(), vertType);

	const u8 defaultColor[4] = {
		(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientR(),
		(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientG(),
		(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientB(),
		(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientA(),
	};

	// Let's have two separate loops, one for non skinning and one for skinning.
	if (!dec->skinInDecode && (vertType & GE_VTYPE_WEIGHT_MASK) != GE_VTYPE_WEIGHT_NONE) {
		int numBoneWeights = vertTypeGetNumBoneWeights(vertType);
		for (int i = lowerBound; i <= upperBound; i++) {
			reader.Goto(i - lowerBound);
			SimpleVertex &sv = sverts[i];
			if (vertType & GE_VTYPE_TC_MASK) {
				reader.ReadUV(sv.uv);
			}

			if (vertType & GE_VTYPE_COL_MASK) {
				sv.color_32 = reader.ReadColor0_8888();
			} else {
				memcpy(sv.color, defaultColor, 4);
			}

			float nrm[3], pos[3];
			float bnrm[3], bpos[3];

			if (vertType & GE_VTYPE_NRM_MASK) {
				// Normals are generated during tessellation anyway, not sure if any need to supply
				reader.ReadNrm(nrm);
			} else {
				nrm[0] = 0;
				nrm[1] = 0;
				nrm[2] = 1.0f;
			}
			reader.ReadPosAuto(pos);

			// Apply skinning transform directly
			float weights[8];
			reader.ReadWeights(weights);
			// Skinning
			Vec3Packedf psum(0, 0, 0);
			Vec3Packedf nsum(0, 0, 0);
			for (int w = 0; w < numBoneWeights; w++) {
				if (weights[w] != 0.0f) {
					Vec3ByMatrix43(bpos, pos, gstate.boneMatrix + w * 12);
					Vec3Packedf tpos(bpos);
					psum += tpos * weights[w];

					Norm3ByMatrix43(bnrm, nrm, gstate.boneMatrix + w * 12);
					Vec3Packedf tnorm(bnrm);
					nsum += tnorm * weights[w];
				}
			}
			sv.pos = psum;
			sv.nrm = nsum;
		}
	} else {
		for (int i = lowerBound; i <= upperBound; i++) {
			reader.Goto(i - lowerBound);
			SimpleVertex &sv = sverts[i];
			if (vertType & GE_VTYPE_TC_MASK) {
				reader.ReadUV(sv.uv);
			} else {
				sv.uv[0] = 0.0f;  // This will get filled in during tessellation
				sv.uv[1] = 0.0f;
			}
			if (vertType & GE_VTYPE_COL_MASK) {
				sv.color_32 = reader.ReadColor0_8888();
			} else {
				memcpy(sv.color, defaultColor, 4);
			}
			if (vertType & GE_VTYPE_NRM_MASK) {
				// Normals are generated during tessellation anyway, not sure if any need to supply
				reader.ReadNrm((float *)&sv.nrm);
			} else {
				sv.nrm.x = 0.0f;
				sv.nrm.y = 0.0f;
				sv.nrm.z = 1.0f;
			}
			reader.ReadPosAuto((float *)&sv.pos);
		}
	}

	// Okay, there we are! Return the new type (but keep the index bits)
	return GE_VTYPE_TC_FLOAT | GE_VTYPE_COL_8888 | GE_VTYPE_NRM_FLOAT | GE_VTYPE_POS_FLOAT | (vertType & (GE_VTYPE_IDX_MASK | GE_VTYPE_THROUGH));
}

// clip space to screen space
static Vec3f ClipToScreen(const Vec4f& coords) {
	float xScale = gstate.getViewportXScale();
	float xCenter = gstate.getViewportXCenter();
	float yScale = gstate.getViewportYScale();
	float yCenter = gstate.getViewportYCenter();
	float zScale = gstate.getViewportZScale();
	float zCenter = gstate.getViewportZCenter();

	float x = coords.x * xScale / coords.w + xCenter;
	float y = coords.y * yScale / coords.w + yCenter;
	float z = coords.z * zScale / coords.w + zCenter;

	// 16 = 0xFFFF / 4095.9375
	return Vec3f(x * 16 - gstate.getOffsetX16(), y * 16 - gstate.getOffsetY16(), z);
}

static Vec3f ScreenToDrawing(const Vec3f& coords) {
	Vec3f ret;
	ret.x = coords.x * (1.0f / 16.0f);
	ret.y = coords.y * (1.0f / 16.0f);
	ret.z = coords.z;
	return ret;
}

// TODO: drawEngine is just for the vertex decoder lookup. See if we can clean that up.
// This is really just for vertex preview in the debugger, not for actual rendering!
// TODO: Support tessellation!! That's currently entirely broken (I guess maybe we'll draw the control points as something).
// count is the input vertex count (describes the draw together with prim).
bool GetCurrentDrawAsDebugVertices(DrawEngineCommon *drawEngine, GECommand cmd, GEPrimitiveType prim, GEPrimitiveType *outPrim, int count, std::vector<GPUDebugVertex> *debugVertices, std::vector<u16> *debugIndices, int *outLowerIndexBound, TransformStats *stats, DebugVertexFlags flags) {
	// This is always for the current vertices.
	u16 indexLowerBound = 0;
	u16 indexUpperBound = count - 1;

	if (!Memory::IsValidAddress(gstate_c.vertexAddr) || count == 0) {
		return false;
	}

	if ((gstate.vertType & GE_VTYPE_IDX_MASK) != GE_VTYPE_IDX_NONE && !Memory::IsValidAddress(gstate_c.indexAddr)) {
		return false;
	}

	const u32 vertTypeID = GetVertTypeID(gstate.vertType, gstate.getUVGenMode(), true);
	const bool throughMode = (vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_THROUGH) != 0;

	// Points is the only primitive that generates 6x as many vertices as input indices (2 triangles per point).
	std::vector<u16> indexTemp;
	indexTemp.resize(65536); // (prim == GEPrimitiveType::GE_PRIM_POINTS ? count * 6 : count * 3) * 4);

	// First, inspect the indices to find the range we need to decode.
	const u8 *indsPtr = Memory::GetPointerUnchecked(gstate_c.indexAddr);
	if ((vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_IDX_MASK) != GE_VTYPE_IDX_NONE) {
		const u16_le *inds16 = (const u16_le *)indsPtr;
		const u32_le *inds32 = (const u32_le *)indsPtr;
		if (indsPtr) {
			GetIndexBounds(indsPtr, count, vertTypeID, &indexLowerBound, &indexUpperBound);
		} else {
			// Bad index buffer.
			return false;
		}
	} else {
		// No indices, so we just use the count as the upper bound.
		indexUpperBound = count - 1;
		indexLowerBound = 0;
	}

	int verticesToDecode = indexUpperBound + 1 - indexLowerBound;

	const u8 *verts = Memory::GetPointerUnchecked(gstate_c.vertexAddr);

	std::vector<u8> vertsTemp;

	// Next, run the vertex decoder. We enforce software skinning here.
	VertexDecoder *dec = drawEngine->GetVertexDecoder(vertTypeID);
	const int stride = (int)dec->GetDecVtxFmt().stride;
	vertsTemp.resize(stride * verticesToDecode + 32);  // Add some padding bytes for "over-writes".

	UVScale uvScale{};
	LoadUVScaleOffsetVec(gstate).Store(&uvScale.uScale);

	const u8 *startPos = verts + indexLowerBound * dec->VertexSize();

	bool savedVertexFullAlpha = gstate_c.vertexFullAlpha;
	dec->DecodeVerts(vertsTemp.data(), startPos, &uvScale, verticesToDecode);
	gstate_c.vertexFullAlpha = savedVertexFullAlpha;

	int numDecodedVerts = verticesToDecode;
	u16 *inds = indexTemp.data();

	if (!(flags & DebugVertexFlags::Transformed)) {
		// Output the untransformed vertices (although with skinning and morph baked-in from decode),
		// and the original indices. Might be interesting to look at.
		debugVertices->resize(verticesToDecode);
		VertexReader reader(vertsTemp.data(), dec->GetDecVtxFmt(), vertTypeID);

		const u8 defaultColor[4] = {
			(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientR(),
			(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientG(),
			(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientB(),
			(u8)gstate.getMaterialAmbientA(),
		};

		for (int i = 0; i < verticesToDecode; i++) {
			reader.Goto(i);
			GPUDebugVertex &sv = (*debugVertices)[i];
			sv = {};
			if (vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_TC_MASK) {
				reader.ReadUV(&sv.u);
			} else {
				sv.u = 0.0f;
				sv.v = 0.0f;
			}
			if (vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_COL_MASK) {
				sv.color0_32 = reader.ReadColor0_8888();
			} else {
				memcpy(sv.c0, defaultColor, 4);
			}

			if (vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_NRM_MASK) {
				reader.ReadNrm((float *)&sv.nx);
			} else {
				sv.nx = 0.0f;
				sv.ny = 0.0f;
				sv.nz = 1.0f;
			}

			if (vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_WEIGHT_MASK) {
				reader.ReadWeights(sv.weights);
			}

			reader.ReadPosAuto((float *)&sv.x);
		}

		// Output the indices straight
		switch (vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_IDX_MASK) {
		case GE_VTYPE_IDX_NONE:
			debugIndices->clear();  // it's just a sequence, effectively.
			break;
		case GE_VTYPE_IDX_8BIT:
			debugIndices->resize(verticesToDecode);
			for (int i = 0; i < verticesToDecode; i++) {
				(*debugIndices)[i] = ((const u8 *)indsPtr)[i];
			}
			break;
		case GE_VTYPE_IDX_16BIT:
			debugIndices->resize(verticesToDecode);
			for (int i = 0; i < verticesToDecode; i++) {
				(*debugIndices)[i] = ((const u16_le *)indsPtr)[i];
			}
			break;
		case GE_VTYPE_IDX_32BIT:
			debugIndices->resize(verticesToDecode);
			for (int i = 0; i < verticesToDecode; i++) {
				(*debugIndices)[i] = ((const u32_le *)indsPtr)[i];
			}
			break;
		}

		*outLowerIndexBound = indexLowerBound;
		*outPrim = prim;  // before it changes.

		if (stats) {
			// We're not running transform, so no stats.
			*stats = {};
		}
		return true;
	}

	IndexGenerator indexGen;
	indexGen.Setup(indexTemp.data());
	const int indexOffset = -indexLowerBound;

	// This corresponds to DecodeInds in DrawEngineCommon.
	const bool clockwise = true;
	switch ((vertTypeID & GE_VTYPE_IDX_MASK)) {
	case GE_VTYPE_IDX_NONE:
		indexGen.AddPrim(prim, count, indexOffset, true);
		break;
	case GE_VTYPE_IDX_8BIT:
		indexGen.TranslatePrim(prim, count, (const u8 *)indsPtr, indexOffset, clockwise);
		break;
	case GE_VTYPE_IDX_16BIT:
		indexGen.TranslatePrim(prim, count, (const u16_le *)indsPtr, indexOffset, clockwise);
		break;
	case GE_VTYPE_IDX_32BIT:
		indexGen.TranslatePrim(prim, count, (const u32_le *)indsPtr, indexOffset, clockwise);
		break;
	}

	// After index generation, strips and fans have been collapsed to triangles.
	switch (prim) {
	case GE_PRIM_LINE_STRIP:
		prim = GE_PRIM_LINES;
		break;
	case GE_PRIM_TRIANGLE_FAN:
	case GE_PRIM_TRIANGLE_STRIP:
		prim = GE_PRIM_TRIANGLES;
		break;
	}

	int generatedIndices = indexGen.VertexCount();

	// We need two temp buffers, transformed and transformedExpanded (the latter is only used for non-triangle primitives).
	std::vector<TransformedVertex> transformed(65536);
	std::vector<TransformedVertex> transformedExpanded(65536);
	// OK, time to run the software transform on these.
	SoftwareTransformParams params{};
	SoftwareTransformResult result{};
	params.allowClear = false;
	params.decoded = vertsTemp.data();
	params.transformed = transformed.data();
	params.transformedExpanded = transformedExpanded.data();
	params.pointScale = cmd == GE_CMD_BOUNDINGBOX ? 4.0f : 1.0f;  // Just make them more visible, for eas of debugging.

	RunSoftwareTransform(params, prim, vertTypeID, dec->GetDecVtxFmt(), numDecodedVerts, 65536, generatedIndices, inds, (int)indexTemp.size(), &result);

	// Output of software transform is always an indexed triangle list (or nothing).
	if (result.drawIndexCount == 0) {
		// Not a failure, but everything got culled.
		debugVertices->clear();
		debugIndices->clear();
		if (stats) {
			*stats = result.stats;
		}
		return true;
	}

	prim = GE_PRIM_TRIANGLES;

	if (stats) {
		*stats = result.stats;
	}
	// Convert the transformed outputs.

	gstate_c.vertexFullAlpha = savedVertexFullAlpha;

	// Supply indices in a correctly-sized vector.
	debugIndices->resize(result.drawIndexCount);
	memcpy(debugIndices->data(), inds, result.drawIndexCount * sizeof(u16));

	const bool applyOffset = (flags & DebugVertexFlags::DrawCoords) && !throughMode;
	const float offsetX = applyOffset ? -gstate.getOffsetX() : 0.0f;
	const float offsetY = applyOffset ? -gstate.getOffsetY() : 0.0f;

	// Convert the transformed vertices to the debug vertex format.
	debugVertices->resize(result.drawVertexCount);
	for (int i = 0; i < result.drawVertexCount; i++) {
		const TransformedVertex &vtx = result.drawBuffer[i];
		GPUDebugVertex &dv = (*debugVertices)[i];
		dv.x = vtx.x + offsetX;
		dv.y = vtx.y + offsetY;
		dv.z = vtx.z;
		dv.w = vtx.pos_w;
		dv.u = vtx.u;
		dv.v = vtx.v;
		dv.fog = vtx.fog;
		dv.c0[0] = (vtx.color0_32 >> 24) & 0xFF;
		dv.c0[1] = (vtx.color0_32 >> 16) & 0xFF;
		dv.c0[2] = (vtx.color0_32 >> 8) & 0xFF;
		dv.c0[3] = vtx.color0_32 & 0xFF;
		dv.c1[0] = (vtx.color1_32 >> 24) & 0xFF;
		dv.c1[1] = (vtx.color1_32 >> 16) & 0xFF;
		dv.c1[2] = (vtx.color1_32 >> 8) & 0xFF;
		dv.c1[3] = vtx.color1_32 & 0xFF;
	}
	*outPrim = prim;
	*outLowerIndexBound = indexLowerBound;
	return true;
}