CI/AppImage: Bump to Clang/LLVM 17

.github/workflows/scripts/linux/install-packages-qt.sh

@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ declare -a PCSX2_PACKAGES=(
 )
 
 if [ "${COMPILER}" = "clang" ]; then
-	BUILD_PACKAGES+=("llvm-16" "lld-16" "clang-16")
+	BUILD_PACKAGES+=("llvm-17" "lld-17" "clang-17")
 
 	# Ubuntu 22.04 doesn't ship with LLVM 16, so we need to pull it from the llvm.org repos.
 	retry_command wget -O - https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
-	sudo apt-add-repository -n 'deb http://apt.llvm.org/jammy/ llvm-toolchain-jammy-16 main'
+	sudo apt-add-repository -n 'deb http://apt.llvm.org/jammy/ llvm-toolchain-jammy-17 main'
 fi
 
 retry_command sudo apt-get -qq update && break